Which literary work is associated with challenging traditional views on morality and power?

The correct answer is The Prince, as it is a seminal work in political philosophy that fundamentally challenges and redefines concepts of morality and power. Written by Niccolò Machiavelli, it argues that the effectiveness of a ruler should be based on pragmatic success rather than conventional moral values. Machiavelli posits that sometimes rulers must engage in morally questionable actions to maintain their power and ensure stability within their state. This pragmatic approach to governance was groundbreaking for the time and laid the groundwork for modern political thought, emphasizing the idea that the ends can justify the means.

In contrast, The Iliad, while rich in themes of honor and the consequences of war, does not specifically address the principles of power in the same pragmatic manner. The Divine Comedy, written by Dante Alighieri, explores moral and spiritual themes, focusing more on the afterlife and human morality in relation to divine justice. Lastly, The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer offers social commentary through various stories but does not significantly challenge views on power in the way that Machiavelli's work does. Each of these other works, while significant in their own right, does not engage with the political philosophies that The Prince presents.