Who is known for the phrase "The end justifies the means"?

The phrase "The end justifies the means" is commonly attributed to Niccolò Machiavelli, particularly in relation to his political philosophy outlined in his work "The Prince." Machiavelli argued that the pursuit of political power and stability may require morally ambiguous actions, suggesting that the outcomes of decisions can validate the methods used to achieve them. This pragmatism underscores a key theme in Machiavelli's writings, where the complexities of political life are examined, and the importance of results often takes precedence over ethical considerations.

Other figures listed in the choices represent different philosophical ideals. Thomas Hobbes focused on social contract theory and the necessity of a strong central authority, while Sun Tzu is known for his strategic insights in "The Art of War," which emphasizes the importance of strategy and deception rather than direct moral implications. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, on the other hand, advocated for natural human goodness and the social contract that emphasizes collective responsibility and community over individual power struggles. Therefore, Machiavelli stands out as the one most associated with the notion that moral means can be set aside for the sake of achieving a desired political end.